玻璃產品如需經由模具成型,則需注意一些限制.
如用壓製成型則有以下的成型條件.
1.模具由4個母模穴,1個公模頭主要件組成.
2.大型品如超過直徑200mm,則成品平均厚度建議在5mm以上.
3.如玻璃品有配合件之考量,則因玻璃為高溫冷卻產品,建議單邊的組配裕留量為1-1.3mm,如還需要強化處理,建議裕留量放大到1.3-1.5mm.
2012年4月26日 星期四
玻璃
玻璃的種類
(一)依玻璃材質的軟化點區分（高正雄，2001）：
- 純玻璃：即最純粹的玻璃，是熔融不加入任何其他物質的純矽砂（SiO2含量為 100﹪）所得的石英玻璃（fused silica），其膨脹係數5.8×10-7，為膨脹係數最小的物質，因此把白熱的石英玻璃直接投入冷水中也不會破裂，硬度為Moh，s Scale 7，可用銼刀加工，軟化點為1120℃，最適合加工溫度為1700～1800℃，必須使用氫氧焰才能加工，而耗費較高的成本。石英玻璃無色透明，易為紫外 線所透過，成線時則可懸垂與鎢絲同等的重量。
- 硬玻璃：純玻璃中若加入13﹪的B2O3（氧化硼）成矽硼酸玻璃，可降低軟化點， 而且膨脹係數止於32×10-7，利用瓦斯就能加工，亦耐急熱急冷，為優良的理化學用玻璃，派勒克斯玻璃（Pyrex glass）為其代表。又如在純玻璃中若加入金屬氧化物K2O（氧化鉀）成為鉀玻璃，可降低軟化點至600℃, 膨脹係數維持在於30～40×10-7之間，鉀玻璃由於成本較低，在派勒克斯玻璃普及之前，幾乎完全被用於理化學器具之製作。
- 軟玻璃：軟玻璃是在純玻璃中加入金屬氧化物(Na2O，CaO，Al2O3，PbO)後，形成矽酸鹽，軟化點下降程度最大者，可降至450℃，而膨脹係數維持為90×10-7之間，代表製品為窗玻璃以及玻璃瓶。
(二)依玻璃原料的成分區分（橫山尚人，l984）：
- 耐熱玻璃：指如理化實驗室中的試管、燒杯一般，直接以火加熱也不會破裂的玻璃。此種玻璃乃在主要成分80％的矽砂中，加入l2％的硼砂所構成，由於硼砂膨脹率很小而產生了耐熱的特性。
- 鈉玻璃：指玻璃的主成分73%～77%的矽砂中，加入l6％～l8％的碳酸鈉所構成，普通一般的平板玻璃、玻璃杯、玻璃器皿，大都是由鈉玻璃製作而成的。
- 水晶玻璃（crystal glass）：是由55％的矽砂，30％的氧化鉛，以 及l5％的碳酸鉀所構成，因其外觀上具有如水晶般的透明感與光澤而得水晶玻璃之名。由於含鉛量已達30％而比較有重量，若以手指彈之，會發出清脆的金屬的 聲音，而且也提高了折射率，更容易增進切削研磨的光澤。又因含鉛量較多，導致玻璃的質地變得較軟，較容易加工，但是也因此而容易受磨損，在處理上必須格外 小心。
(三)依玻璃組成與用途區分（李紹先，2001）：
- 鈉鈣玻璃：鈉鈣玻璃是玻璃產品中用量最大者，約達90％，包括平板玻璃、汽車玻璃、燈泡玻璃、容器玻璃等，主要由Na2O-CaO-SiO2組成。
- 矽酸鹼玻璃：其組成為K2O-SiO2至K2O-4SiO2，其中K2O為鹼金屬氧化物，鈉鹼溶液之矽酸鹽稱為水玻璃，可用於紙盒之黏盒劑、防火劑、鹼性較高者亦可作為洗衣用之清潔劑及肥皂填充劑等。
- 硼矽玻璃：其組成為K2O-B2O3-SiO2，B2O3之含量一般為5％以上，膨脹係數低，可耐溫度驟變、良好之耐震性與化學穩定性、高電阻性，被用於實驗室玻璃器皿、烹飪器皿、管線、燈泡、高張力絕緣器和複合材之強化基材等。
- 鉛鹼玻璃：其組成為K2O-PbO-SiO2，具有高的折射率及分散性，主要應用在光學器材、工藝品及核熱室的屏蔽窗等。
- 石英玻璃：將石英熔化或高溫分解四氯化矽而製成，其膨脹性較低、軟化溫度較高，一般用於半導體基板、望遠鏡的鏡頭、白光燈管、太陽電池蓋及理化器材等。
- 微晶玻璃：微晶玻璃又稱玻璃陶瓷，系藉著控制玻璃的結晶過程及精密的熱處理程序來 獲得所欲之結晶類型與含量之玻璃物質，其晶體尺寸通常小於1μm，而具有高強度（斷裂強度為10～l5×l03 1b/in2，約為普通玻璃的l.5倍）、化學惰性、生物相容性、耐磨損性、耐熱衝擊性，熱膨脹係數低至零或負數及可透過微波等相當特殊的性質。主要應用 在生醫材料（如假牙及人造骨骼）、熱交換器、加熱板、防火窗、管道、閥門、飛彈自動瞄準頭之整流罩、印刷電路板、電阻器、電子顯微鏡之零件、玻璃封接材料 及鋼製容器表面之保護層等。
- 特殊玻璃：包括著色玻璃、高強度玻璃、高硬度玻璃、膠合玻璃、感光玻璃、玻璃纖維、光學纖維以及各種供理化與工業應用之特製品。
(四)依玻璃材料的形式區分
- 平板玻璃：如各種不同材質與厚度的平板窗玻璃、平板彩色玻璃等，本身已經是玻璃製品，或者提供作為各種平板玻璃自重下垂成形（烤彎、熔陷、熔墜）、熔合加工、噴砂、彩繪、馬賽克、鑲嵌...等等加工之用。
- 實心玻璃棒：製作實心玻璃棒的材料有軟玻璃與硬玻璃，前者多為鈉玻璃、鉛玻璃，而 後者則為硼矽玻璃或稱為硼玻璃，其玻璃材料的製作始於美國的廠商「Pyrex」，後來卻成為硼玻璃的代名詞，國內的玻璃業者所慣稱的「派勒克斯玻璃」就是 來自於「Pyrex」的翻譯名稱；實心玻璃棒、絲、線，有各種不同粗細的規格，以及各種透明與不透明的顏色，為燈炬作業之坯心玻璃、琉璃珠、拉絲玻璃、實 心塑造等的加工材料。
- 空心玻璃管：空心玻璃管的玻璃材質、顏色與實心玻璃棒一樣，有軟玻璃與硬玻璃之分，只是形成中空的管狀；一般工藝用空心玻璃管的材質多為硼玻璃，而其規格大者則內徑可達30㎝，又因空心的硼玻璃管能耐劇冷與劇熱，為製作理化儀器以及空心製作的主要材料。
- 實心玻璃塊：實心玻璃塊有各種立方體的規格，其成分就是所謂的「鉛玻璃」，因其透明度極佳且具高光澤，又稱為「光學玻璃」或「水晶玻璃」。實心玻璃塊可供切削、噴砂、磨刻、彩繪，以及雷射雕刻等加工。
- 玻璃粉末：一般製作玻璃粉末的材料多為鈉玻璃與鉛玻璃，前者其用途作為坩堝窯爐作業的「嵌入」、「熔接」、「熔合」等著色之用，以及用於熔合加工；後者則提供耐火石膏模單模與分模，以及脫蠟鑄造耐火石膏模的「玻璃粉末鑄造」之用。
- 玻璃顆粒：玻璃顆粒有各種不同粗細與顏色的規格，一般多為鈉玻璃，其用途除了作為坩堝窯爐作業的「嵌入」、「熔接」、「熔合」著色之用以外，還可以提供作為「熔合玻璃」與「馬賽克」等的加工。
- 玻璃鑄料：玻璃鑄料一般為圓扁型的玻璃塊，其成分為鉛玻璃，大多為透明的顏色，主要作為玻璃的泥型鑄造與脫蠟鑄造之用。
- 玻璃膏：玻璃膏為玻璃工藝素材中唯一在加工時屬於液態的材料，其實就是玻璃原料的 熔融物，亦即所謂加工中無法以手直接觸碰的「熱加工」材料。以玻璃膏為素材的有徒手熱塑、徒手吹製、徒手模型吹製、機械壓模、機械鋼模吹製、蕾絲玻璃、熔 著玻璃、套色玻璃、氣泡玻璃、冰裂玻璃，以及砂模鑄造等加工。
參考資料
1.http://glassmuseum.cca.gov.tw/web-TW/unit03/modepage/3-4-1-02.html
2012年3月30日 星期五
按壓式隨身碟結構設計
市面上隨身碟的產品多如鯽魚過江之狀,如果沒有不同的特色,則很難引起消費者的注意與興趣.故如何著手將此產品創造出設計巧思.這可謂是突圍而出殺出血路的方法之一.
以下的設計是以按壓式做創新的結構設計,雖然已有日商做類似的產品推出,但此設計完全是不同的獨創思考設計方式.有需要的設計師可以參考討論.
主要零件
1.Protect Cover 保護殼
2.Push Case 按壓盒
3. Spring 1 按壓彈簧 數量 2
4. Spring 2 導軌彈簧
5. Guider 導向件
以下的設計是以按壓式做創新的結構設計,雖然已有日商做類似的產品推出,但此設計完全是不同的獨創思考設計方式.有需要的設計師可以參考討論.
主要零件
1.Protect Cover 保護殼
2.Push Case 按壓盒
3. Spring 1 按壓彈簧 數量 2
4. Spring 2 導軌彈簧
5. Guider 導向件
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2012年3月27日 星期二
2012年3月25日 星期日
2012年3月23日 星期五
The Shanghai
Old and news ,East and West meet in Shanghai
Shanghai dazzles visitors with its variety of places new and old , East and West . New Shanghai begins at the airport with a step onto the Maglev , Shanghai's high-speed train . Reaching 431 km/h , it whisks travelers the 32 kilometers from the airport to Pudong in eight minutes . Visitors disembark from the Maglev at Pudong , where Shanghai's modern side awaits right outside the station .
Twenty years of intense development has given Pudong - and Shanghai - a new skyline . People usually first notice the Oriental Pearl Tower , which has come to symbolize Shanghai .Besides serving as a TV and radio tower , the Oriental Pearl houses museums and a rotating restaurant . South of it stands the 421m tall Jim Mao Tower , which has hosted BASE-jumping events from just above its 88th floor . The Shanghai World Financial Center , the city's tallest building , towers above both structures at 492 m . The 100th-floor observatory has glass floors , giving visitors a bird's eye view of the city .
The best view of Pudong's skyline , however , is from across the Huangpu River on a walk along the Bund.
The west's influence on Shanghai is very apparent on the Bund . European countries and America established concessions here between the early 1840s and 1943 . Visiting the Bund takes one back to that era. 52 buildings , All built in fashionable European styles , line this famous section of East Zongshan First Road .
The HSBC building , which now houses the Shanghai Pudong Development Bank , dominates the Bund . Inside, visitor's gazes are drawn to colorful mosaics on the dome ceiling . Another remarkable building , the Customs House , stands next door . The clock on top , nicknamed "Big Ch'ing" and similar in design to London's Big Ben , arrives from England in 1843 .
Just south of the Bund, the traditional buildings and tiny lanes of the old Chinese city take visitors back in time . Here , the Yuyuan Gardens are the main attraction . Built in 1577 by a government official for his parents , the Yuyuan Gardens occupy an area of two hectares . The carefully designed gardens , calm ponds and exquisite buildings provide a respite for visitors . Nearby , Shanghai's Old Street is a great place to bargain for souvenirs .
While the Bund and old Chinese city interest history buffs , Nanjing Road excites shoppers . Shanghai's premier shopping destination , Nanjing Road boasts 5.5 km of shops , malls , restaurants and excitement . Colorful neon signs light up the street at night when thousands of people flood the area .
The People's Square , which divides Nanjing East and West Roads , offers great cultural experiences , including the Shanghai Museum . The museum displays 120K pieces of ancient Chinese art including impressive collections of bronzes , ceramics and paintings .
Shanghai's past and present meet in Xintiandi , one of Shanghai's hottest nightlife destinations . Just nine years ago , Xintiandi was a crowded , old community of shabby , shikumen-style houses . Today , restored shikumen exteriors open into restaurants , shops and art galleries . Photographer Guo Changyao comments, "In the 21st century , if you don't go to Xintiandi , then you haven't seen Shanghai . "
To truly experience Shanghai , one must explore all its sides . The beauty of the city lies in its old and new , West and East .
Tips
1. Dazzle (v) 使讚嘆不已;使目眩
2. Whisk (v) 迅速帶走(移動)
3. Dominate (v) 俯瞰 ; 佔主要地位
4. Bargain (v) 討價還價
5. Boast (v) 以擁有---自豪
6.Shabby (adj) 破敗的
7. BASE-jump (v) 定點跳傘;低空跳傘
8. Concession (n) 租界
9. Mosaic (n) 鑲嵌工藝(圖案)
10. Buff (n) 迷 ,愛好者
11. Shikumen - stone gate
Reference
1. Studio Classroom September 2009
Shanghai dazzles visitors with its variety of places new and old , East and West . New Shanghai begins at the airport with a step onto the Maglev , Shanghai's high-speed train . Reaching 431 km/h , it whisks travelers the 32 kilometers from the airport to Pudong in eight minutes . Visitors disembark from the Maglev at Pudong , where Shanghai's modern side awaits right outside the station .
Twenty years of intense development has given Pudong - and Shanghai - a new skyline . People usually first notice the Oriental Pearl Tower , which has come to symbolize Shanghai .Besides serving as a TV and radio tower , the Oriental Pearl houses museums and a rotating restaurant . South of it stands the 421m tall Jim Mao Tower , which has hosted BASE-jumping events from just above its 88th floor . The Shanghai World Financial Center , the city's tallest building , towers above both structures at 492 m . The 100th-floor observatory has glass floors , giving visitors a bird's eye view of the city .
The best view of Pudong's skyline , however , is from across the Huangpu River on a walk along the Bund.
The west's influence on Shanghai is very apparent on the Bund . European countries and America established concessions here between the early 1840s and 1943 . Visiting the Bund takes one back to that era. 52 buildings , All built in fashionable European styles , line this famous section of East Zongshan First Road .
The HSBC building , which now houses the Shanghai Pudong Development Bank , dominates the Bund . Inside, visitor's gazes are drawn to colorful mosaics on the dome ceiling . Another remarkable building , the Customs House , stands next door . The clock on top , nicknamed "Big Ch'ing" and similar in design to London's Big Ben , arrives from England in 1843 .
Just south of the Bund, the traditional buildings and tiny lanes of the old Chinese city take visitors back in time . Here , the Yuyuan Gardens are the main attraction . Built in 1577 by a government official for his parents , the Yuyuan Gardens occupy an area of two hectares . The carefully designed gardens , calm ponds and exquisite buildings provide a respite for visitors . Nearby , Shanghai's Old Street is a great place to bargain for souvenirs .
While the Bund and old Chinese city interest history buffs , Nanjing Road excites shoppers . Shanghai's premier shopping destination , Nanjing Road boasts 5.5 km of shops , malls , restaurants and excitement . Colorful neon signs light up the street at night when thousands of people flood the area .
The People's Square , which divides Nanjing East and West Roads , offers great cultural experiences , including the Shanghai Museum . The museum displays 120K pieces of ancient Chinese art including impressive collections of bronzes , ceramics and paintings .
Shanghai's past and present meet in Xintiandi , one of Shanghai's hottest nightlife destinations . Just nine years ago , Xintiandi was a crowded , old community of shabby , shikumen-style houses . Today , restored shikumen exteriors open into restaurants , shops and art galleries . Photographer Guo Changyao comments, "In the 21st century , if you don't go to Xintiandi , then you haven't seen Shanghai . "
To truly experience Shanghai , one must explore all its sides . The beauty of the city lies in its old and new , West and East .
Tips
1. Dazzle (v) 使讚嘆不已;使目眩
2. Whisk (v) 迅速帶走(移動)
3. Dominate (v) 俯瞰 ; 佔主要地位
4. Bargain (v) 討價還價
5. Boast (v) 以擁有---自豪
6.Shabby (adj) 破敗的
7. BASE-jump (v) 定點跳傘;低空跳傘
8. Concession (n) 租界
9. Mosaic (n) 鑲嵌工藝(圖案)
10. Buff (n) 迷 ,愛好者
11. Shikumen - stone gate
Reference
1. Studio Classroom September 2009
2012年3月17日 星期六
Watch your environmental occupation
Did you know that the average toilet seat is 400 times cleaner than your desk ? Or that there are more than 10 million germs on the average desk ? Your desk isn't the only thing harboring germs .Your phone , keyboard , light switches , buttons on the elevator and door handles - each of these things is loaded with countless microbes . In one study , Dr. Charles Gerba , a microbiologist at the University of Arizona and his researchers found that an infected person can leave a trail of viruses on every surface he touches . The viruses can survive on surfaces for up to three days .
Here are five of the germiest occupation , in order from most to least germy .
The First is teacher - Average amount of bacteria per square inch : 17,800 . Why it's germy : Kid's desktops are probably the dirtiest objects in a classroom . Additionally , when children turn in tests and assignments , they hand in germs too .Teachers had 5 times more germs on their phones and nearly 27 times more germs on the computer keys than other professions studied .
The Second is accountant - Average amount of bacteria per square inch: 6,030 . Why it's germy : Accountants tend to spend a great deal of time behind their desks . Accountants ' desks and pens ranked No .1 , Averaging 12,600 and 2,350 bacteria per square inch , respectively .
The Third is banker - Average amount of bacteria per square inch : 5,400 . Why it's germy : Everyone knows how dirty money is . When you think about the one core duty of bankers handling money- it's no surprise the germs bankers come in contact with .
The forth is radio DJ - Average amount of bacteria per square inch : 3,323. Why it's germy : Radio DJs often work in shifts , with several people coming in and out of the station a day. As we said before , an infected person can leave a trail of viruses on every surface he touches . So many people using the same equipment is bound to garner a lot of bacterial .
The Fifth is Doctor - Average amount of bacteria per square inch : 2,620 . Why it's germy :As professionals who serve sick people , it's no surprise doctors are their own source of germs .
Reference
1. Contents - Studio Classroom 2009 September
Here are five of the germiest occupation , in order from most to least germy .
The First is teacher - Average amount of bacteria per square inch : 17,800 . Why it's germy : Kid's desktops are probably the dirtiest objects in a classroom . Additionally , when children turn in tests and assignments , they hand in germs too .Teachers had 5 times more germs on their phones and nearly 27 times more germs on the computer keys than other professions studied .
The Second is accountant - Average amount of bacteria per square inch: 6,030 . Why it's germy : Accountants tend to spend a great deal of time behind their desks . Accountants ' desks and pens ranked No .1 , Averaging 12,600 and 2,350 bacteria per square inch , respectively .
The Third is banker - Average amount of bacteria per square inch : 5,400 . Why it's germy : Everyone knows how dirty money is . When you think about the one core duty of bankers handling money- it's no surprise the germs bankers come in contact with .
The forth is radio DJ - Average amount of bacteria per square inch : 3,323. Why it's germy : Radio DJs often work in shifts , with several people coming in and out of the station a day. As we said before , an infected person can leave a trail of viruses on every surface he touches . So many people using the same equipment is bound to garner a lot of bacterial .
The Fifth is Doctor - Average amount of bacteria per square inch : 2,620 . Why it's germy :As professionals who serve sick people , it's no surprise doctors are their own source of germs .
Reference
1. Contents - Studio Classroom 2009 September
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